L-Arginine Benefits, Uses & Side Effects

What are the forms and brand names of l-arginine?

L-arginine is available in two forms: fluid injected inside of your vein through an IV (intravenously) or taken by mouth (capsules or tablets).

Shuanglian Product Page

The brand name for IV-form l-arginine is R-Gene 10 ®.

There are several types of l-arginine supplements available over the counter. Talk with your healthcare provider before starting l-arginine supplements.

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What dosage strengths does l-arginine come in?

Dosage varies for each brand of l-arginine and the specifications are marked on the label. The average dosage of l-arginine is between 6 grams to a maximum of 30 grams per day. The daily dose is normally divided into three smaller doses per day that won’t exceed the maximum dosage. Do not take more than the maximum dosage of l-arginine.

Check with your healthcare provider before taking over-the-counter l-arginine supplements to see if they are right for you.

If your provider prescribes treatment with l-arginine via an IV, they will administer the correct dosage according to your age, the reason for treatment and other factors.

How should I take l-arginine?

You can take l-arginine by incorporating foods that are high in l-arginine into your diet. Foods that are high in protein are great ways to increase your l-arginine levels.

If you aren’t getting enough l-arginine through your diet, your provider might suggest taking over-the-counter l-arginine supplements. You can take l-arginine supplements by mouth, following the dosage on the label of the supplement and the recommendation from your provider.

If you need to take l-arginine via IV, your provider will monitor and administer the treatment in a healthcare facility.

How long does it take for l-arginine to work?

Depending on your reason for taking l-arginine and which type of amino acid you need, it takes a minimum of 24-hours for the l-arginine to absorb into your body. In some cases, to see the full effects of regular l-arginine treatment, it could take up to three months.

What are the side effects of l-arginine?

Side effects are possible with l-arginine treatment and could include:

• Bloating.
• Diarrhea.
• Dizziness.
• Nausea or vomiting.

Life-threatening side effects include:

• Allergic reaction (hives, itching or rash).
• Difficulty breathing or a tight feeling in your chest.
• Heart failure.

If you experience any side effects, reach out to your healthcare provider or visit your nearest emergency room immediately.

Are there any serious interactions with l-arginine?

L-arginine interacts with other medicines. Don’t take l-arginine without first talking to your provider about medicines you currently take. L-arginine interacts with the following:

MedicineTypeACE inhibitors.Benazepril, enalapril, lisinopril.Alpha-blockers.Doxazosin, prazosin.Angiotensin receptor blockers.Candesartan, irbesartan, losartan, valsartan.Beta-blockers.Atenolol, carvedilol, labetalol, metoprolol.Calcium channel blockers.Amlodipine, diltiazem, nifedipine, verapamil.Nitrates.Isosorbide, nitroglycerin.Propranolol.Hemangeol ®.Vitamins or natural remedies.Fish oil.MedicineACE inhibitors.TypeBenazepril, enalapril, lisinopril.Alpha-blockers.TypeDoxazosin, prazosin.Angiotensin receptor blockers.TypeCandesartan, irbesartan, losartan, valsartan.Beta-blockers.TypeAtenolol, carvedilol, labetalol, metoprolol.Calcium channel blockers.TypeAmlodipine, diltiazem, nifedipine, verapamil.Nitrates.TypeIsosorbide, nitroglycerin.Propranolol.TypeHemangeol ®.Vitamins or natural remedies.TypeFish oil.

L-arginine can cause interactions if you have certain health conditions. You shouldn’t take l-arginine if you:

• Recently had a heart attack.
• Have a guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency.
• Are a child under 16 years of age, are pregnant or breastfeeding or are an adult older than 65 years of age without approval from your provider.

Always check with your provider before starting l-arginine supplements or treatment.

Can I take l-arginine if I’m pregnant or breastfeeding?

Don’t take l-arginine supplements if you’re pregnant or breastfeeding (chestfeeding) without first talking with your provider to see if the amino acid is right for you. L-arginine could cause unexpected complications during pregnancy, and there is not enough research to specify whether or not l-arginine supplements pass through breastmilk (chest milk).

What should I tell my healthcare provider before starting l-arginine?

Talk to your healthcare provider about the medicines, vitamins and supplements that you’re currently taking before starting l-arginine. You’ll also want to discuss your health history with your provider, especially if you recently had a heart attack, are pregnant or breastfeeding (chestfeeding) or if you have an underlying medical condition. Your provider will assess your symptoms and let you know if it is safe to start taking l-arginine.

A note from Cleveland Clinic

Always talk with your healthcare provider before starting any new supplements like l-arginine. L-arginine is safe for most adults, especially if you incorporate more protein-forward products into your diet like meat and nuts. If you have any serious reactions to the amino acid, contact your provider or visit the emergency room immediately.

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Dudek, D., Legutko, J., Heba, G., Bartus, S., Partyka, L., Huk, I., Dembinska-Kiec, A., Kaluza, G. L., and Dubiel, J. S. L-arginine supplementation does not inhibit neointimal formation after coronary stenting in human beings: an intravascular ultrasound study. Am Heart J 2004;147(4):E12. View abstract.

Egashira, K., Hirooka, Y., Kuga, T., Mohri, M., and Takeshita, A. Effects of L-arginine supplementation on endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteriograms. Circulation 7-15-1996;94(2):130-134. View abstract.

Elam, R. P., Hardin, D. H., Sutton, R. A., and Hagen, L. Effects of arginine and ornithine on strength, lean body mass and urinary hydroxyproline in adult males. J Sports Med.Phys.Fitness 1989;29(1):52-56. View abstract.

Ellinger, S. and Stehle, P. Efficacy of vitamin supplementation in situations with wound healing disorders: results from clinical intervention studies. Curr.Opin.Clin.Nutr.Metab Care 2009;12(6):588-595. View abstract.

Eshghi F. The efficacy of L-arginine gel for treatment of chronic anal fissure compared to surgical sphincterotomy. Journal of Medical Sciences. 2007;7(3):481-484.

Facchinetti, F., Longo, M., Piccinini, F., Neri, I., and Volpe, A. L-arginine infusion reduces blood pressure in preeclamptic women through nitric oxide release. J Soc Gynecol.Investig. 1999;6(4):202-207. View abstract.

Facchinetti, F., Saade, G. R., Neri, I., Pizzi, C., Longo, M., and Volpe, A. L-arginine supplementation in patients with gestational hypertension: a pilot study. Hypertens.Pregnancy. 2007;26(1):121-130. View abstract.

Fallon, E. M., Nehra, D., Potemkin, A. K., Gura, K. M., Simpser, E., Compher, C., and Puder, M. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support of neonatal patients at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 2012;36(5):506-523. View abstract.

Fan, X. Y., van den Berg, A., Snoek, M., van der Flier, L. G., Smids, B., Jansen, H. M., Liu, R. Y., and Lutter, R. Arginine deficiency augments inflammatory mediator production by airway epithelial cells in vitro. Respir.Res 2009;10:62. View abstract.

Farreras, N., Artigas, V., Cardona, D., Rius, X., Trias, M., and Gonzalez, J. A. Effect of early postoperative enteral immunonutrition on wound healing in patients undergoing surgery for gastric cancer. Clin.Nutr 2005;24(1):55-65. View abstract.

Finco, C., Magnanini, P., Sarzo, G., Vecchiato, M., Luongo, B., Savastano, S., Bortoliero, M., Barison, P., and Merigliano, S. Prospective randomized study on perioperative enteral immunonutrition in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. Surg.Endosc. 2007;21(7):1175-1179. View abstract.

Fons, C., Sempere, A., Arias, A., Lopez-Sala, A., Poo, P., Pineda, M., Mas, A., Vilaseca, M. A., Salomons, G. S., Ribes, A., Artuch, R., and Campistol, J. Arginine supplementation in four patients with X-linked creatine transporter defect. J Inherit.Metab Dis 2008;31(6):724-728. View abstract.

Fricke, O., Baecker, N., Heer, M., Tutlewski, B., and Schoenau, E. The effect of L-arginine administration on muscle force and power in postmenopausal women. Clin.Physiol Funct.Imaging 2008;28(5):307-311. View abstract.

Furuno T, Mullen MJ Thorne SA Thomson H Donald AE Powe A et al. Intravenous L-arginine restores endothelial function in healthy young smokers (abstract). Circulation 1996;94:3052.

Gad, M. Z., El-Mesallamy, H. O., and Sanad, E. F. hsCRP, sICAM-1 and TAFI in hemodialysis patients: linking inflammation and hypofibrinolysis to cardiovascular events. Kidney Blood Press Res 2008;31(6):391-397. View abstract.

Garhofer, G., Resch, H., Lung, S., Weigert, G., and Schmetterer, L. Intravenous administration of L-arginine increases retinal and choroidal blood flow. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140(1):69-76. View abstract.

Gaston, R. S., Schlessinger, S. D., Sanders, P. W., Barker, C. V., Curtis, J. J., and Warnock, D. G. Cyclosporine inhibits the renal response to L-arginine in human kidney transplant recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995;5(7):1426-1433. View abstract.

Gentile, V., Antonini, G., Antonella, Bertozzi M., Dinelli, N., Rizzo, C., Ashraf, Virmani M., and Koverech, A. Effect of propionyl-L-carnitine, L-arginine and nicotinic acid on the efficacy of vardenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25(9):2223-2228. View abstract.

George, J., Shmuel, S. B., Roth, A., Herz, I., Izraelov, S., Deutsch, V., Keren, G., and Miller, H. L-arginine attenuates lymphocyte activation and anti-oxidized LDL antibody levels in patients undergoing angioplasty. Atherosclerosis 2004;174(2):323-327. View abstract.

Gianotti, L., Braga, M., Gentilini, O., Balzano, G., Zerbi, A., and Di, Carlo, V. Artificial nutrition after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Pancreas 2000;21(4):344-351. View abstract.

Gianotti, L., Braga, M., Nespoli, L., Radaelli, G., Beneduce, A., and Di, Carlo, V. A randomized controlled trial of preoperative oral supplementation with a specialized diet in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Gastroenterology 2002;122(7):1763-1770. View abstract.

Gianotti, L., Braga, M., Vignali, A., Balzano, G., Zerbi, A., Bisagni, P., and Di, Carlo, V. Effect of route of delivery and formulation of postoperative nutritional support in patients undergoing major operations for malignant neoplasms. Arch.Surg. 1997;132(11):1222-1229. View abstract.

Giger, U., Buchler, M., Farhadi, J., Berger, D., Husler, J., Schneider, H., Krahenbuhl, S., and Krahenbuhl, L. Preoperative immunonutrition suppresses perioperative inflammatory response in patients with major abdominal surgery-a randomized controlled pilot study. Ann.Surg.Oncol. 2007;14(10):2798-2806. View abstract.

Giuggioli, D., Colaci, M., Sebastiani, M., and Ferri, C. L-Arginine in pregnant scleroderma patients. Clin.Rheumatol. 2010;29(8):937-939. View abstract.

Giugliano, D., Marfella, R., Coppola, L., Verrazzo, G., Acampora, R., Giunta, R., Nappo, F., Lucarelli, C., and D'Onofrio, F. Vascular effects of acute hyperglycemia in humans are reversed by L-arginine. Evidence for reduced availability of nitric oxide during hyperglycemia. Circulation 4-1-1997;95(7):1783-1790. View abstract.

Giugliano, D., Marfella, R., Verrazzo, G., Acampora, R., Coppola, L., Cozzolino, D., and D'Onofrio, F. The vascular effects of L-Arginine in humans. The role of endogenous insulin. J Clin.Invest 2-1-1997;99(3):433-438. View abstract.

Glueck, C. J., Munjal, J., Khan, A., Umar, M., and Wang, P. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase T-786C mutation, a reversible etiology of Prinzmetal's angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol 3-15-2010;105(6):792-796. View abstract.

Goligorsky, M. S. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase: from structure to function in one aspartic substitution. Kidney Int. 2009;75(3):255-257. View abstract.

Gosselink, M. P., Darby, M., Zimmerman, D. D., Gruss, H. J., and Schouten, W. R. Treatment of chronic anal fissure by application of L-arginine gel: a phase II study in 15 patients. Dis Colon Rectum 2005;48(4):832-837. View abstract.

Gryglewski, R. J., Grodzinska, L., Kostka-Trabka, E., Korbut, R., Bieroon, K., Goszcz, A., and Slawinski, M. Treatment with L-arginine is likely to stimulate generation of nitric oxide in patients with peripheral arterial obstructive disease. Wien.Klin.Wochenschr. 1996;108(4):111-116. View abstract.

Guttman, H., Zimlichman, R., Boaz, M., Matas, Z., and Shargorodsky, M. Effect of Long-Term L-Arginine Supplementation on Arterial Compliance and Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Multiple Cardiovascular risk Factors: Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. J Cardiovasc.Pharmacol. 6-7-2010; View abstract.

Hackett, A., Gillard, J., and Wilcken, B. n of 1 trial for an ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency carrier. Mol.Genet.Metab 2008;94(2):157-161. View abstract.

Hayde, M., Vierhapper, H., Lubec, B., Popow, C., Weninger, M., Xi, Z., and Lubec, G. Low-dose dietary L-arginine increases plasma interleukin 1 alpha but not interleukin 1 beta in patients with diabetes mellitus. Cytokine 1994;6(1):79-82. View abstract.

Helminen, H., Raitanen, M., and Kellosalo, J. Immunonutrition in elective gastrointestinal surgery patients. Scand.J Surg. 2007;96(1):46-50. View abstract.

Herman, W. H., Fajans, S. S., Smith, M. J., Polonsky, K. S., Bell, G. I., and Halter, J. B. Diminished insulin and glucagon secretory responses to arginine in nondiabetic subjects with a mutation in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha/MODY1 gene. Diabetes 1997;46(11):1749-1754. View abstract.

Hertz, P. and Richardson, J. A. Arginine-induced hyperkalemia in renal failure patients. Arch.Intern.Med. 1972;130(5):778-780. View abstract.

Heyman, H., Van De Looverbosch, D. E., Meijer, E. P., and Schols, J. M. Benefits of an oral nutritional supplement on pressure ulcer healing in long-term care residents. J Wound Care 2008;17(11):476-8, 480. View abstract.

Heys, S. D., Ogston, K., Miller, I., Hutcheon, A. W., Walker, L. G., Sarker, T. K., Dewar, J., Ah-See, A. K., and Eremin, O. Potentiation of the response to chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer by dietary supplementation with L-arginine: results of a randomised controlled trial. Int.J Oncol. 1998;12(1):221-225. View abstract.

Higashi, Y., Oshima, T., Ono, N., Hiraga, H., Yoshimura, M., Watanabe, M., Matsuura, H., Kambe, M., and Kajiyama, G. Intravenous administration of L-arginine inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme in humans. J Clin.Endocrinol.Metab 1995;80(7):2198-2202. View abstract.

Higashi, Y., Oshima, T., Ozono, R., Watanabe, M., Matsuura, H., and Kajiyama, G. Effects of L-arginine infusion on renal hemodynamics in patients with mild essential hypertension. Hypertension 1995;25(4 Pt 2):898-902. View abstract.

Hladunewich, M. A., Derby, G. C., Lafayette, R. A., Blouch, K. L., Druzin, M. L., and Myers, B. D. Effect of L-arginine therapy on the glomerular injury of preeclampsia: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet.Gynecol. 2006;107(4):886-895. View abstract.

Houwing, R. H., Rozendaal, M., Wouters-Wesseling, W., Beulens, J. W., Buskens, E., and Haalboom, J. R. A randomised, double-blind assessment of the effect of nutritional supplementation on the prevention of pressure ulcers in hip-fracture patients. Clin.Nutr. 2003;22(4):401-405. View abstract.

Hrncic, D., Rasic-Markovic, A., Krstic, D., Macut, D., Djuric, D., and Stanojlovic, O. The role of nitric oxide in homocysteine thiolactone-induced seizures in adult rats. Cell Mol.Neurobiol. 2010;30(2):219-231. View abstract.

Huang, C. C., Lin, T. J., Lu, Y. F., Chen, C. C., Huang, C. Y., and Lin, W. T. Protective effects of L-arginine supplementation against exhaustive exercise-induced oxidative stress in young rat tissues. Chin J Physiol 10-31-2009;52(5):306-315. View abstract.

Huang, C. C., Tsai, S. C., and Lin, W. T. Potential ergogenic effects of L-arginine against oxidative and inflammatory stress induced by acute exercise in aging rats. Exp.Gerontol. 2008;43(6):571-577. View abstract.

Hughes, N., Mason, S., Jeffery, P., Welton, H., Tobin, M., O'Shea, C., and Browne, M. A comparative clinical study investigating the efficacy of a test dentifrice containing 8% strontium acetate and 1040 ppm sodium fluoride versus a marketed control dentifrice containing 8% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm sodium monofluorophosphate in reducing dentinal hypersensitivity. J Clin.Dent. 2010;21(2):49-55. View abstract.

Jahangir, E., Vita, J. A., Handy, D., Holbrook, M., Palmisano, J., Beal, R., Loscalzo, J., and Eberhardt, R. T. The effect of L-arginine and creatine on vascular function and homocysteine metabolism. Vasc.Med. 2009;14(3):239-248. View abstract.

Jezova, D., Makatsori, A., Smriga, M., Morinaga, Y., and Duncko, R. Subchronic treatment with amino acid mixture of L-lysine and L-arginine modifies neuroendocrine activation during psychosocial stress in subjects with high trait anxiety. Nutr.Neurosci. 2005;8(3):155-160. View abstract.

Jiang, X. H., Li, N., Zhu, W. M., Wu, G. H., Quan, Z. W., and Li, J. S. Effects of postoperative immune-enhancing enteral nutrition on the immune system, inflammatory responses, and clinical outcome. Chin Med.J (Engl.) 2004;117(6):835-839. View abstract.

Jiang, Z. M., Gu, Z. Y., Chen, F. L., Wang, X. R., Li, Z. J., Xu, Y., and Li, R. [The role of immune enhanced enteral nutrition on plasma amino acid, gut permeability and clinical outcome (a randomized, double blind, controlled, multi-center clinical trail with 120 cases)]. Zhongguo Yi.Xue.Ke.Xue.Yuan Xue.Bao. 2001;23(5):515-518. View abstract.

Jovanovic, A., Gerrard, J., and Taylor, R. The second-meal phenomenon in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009;32(7):1199-1201. View abstract.

Jude, E. B., Dang, C., and Boulton, A. J. Effect of L-arginine on the microcirculation in the neuropathic diabetic foot in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Diabet.Med. 2010;27(1):113-116. View abstract.

Kato, G. J. and Gladwin, M. T. Evolution of novel small-molecule therapeutics targeting sickle cell vasculopathy. JAMA 12-10-2008;300(22):2638-2646. View abstract.

Kato, G. J., Wang, Z., Machado, R. F., Blackwelder, W. C., Taylor, J. G., and Hazen, S. L. Endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in sickle cell disease: abnormal levels and correlations with pulmonary hypertension, desaturation, haemolysis, organ dysfunction and death. Br J Haematol. 2009;145(4):506-513. View abstract.

Kawano, H., Motoyama, T., Hirai, N., Kugiyama, K., Yasue, H., and Ogawa, H. Endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemia is improved by L-arginine administration: possible role of oxidative stress. Atherosclerosis 2002;161(2):375-380. View abstract.

Kernohan, A. F., McIntyre, M., Hughes, D. M., Tam, S. W., Worcel, M., and Reid, J. L. An oral yohimbine/L-arginine combination (NMI 861) for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction: a pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and interaction study with intravenous nitroglycerine in healthy male subjects. Br J Clin.Pharmacol. 2005;59(1):85-93. View abstract.

Khan, F. and Belch, J. J. Skin blood flow in patients with systemic sclerosis and Raynaud's phenomenon: effects of oral L-arginine supplementation. J Rheumatol. 1999;26(11):2389-2394. View abstract.

Khan, F., Litchfield, S. J., McLaren, M., Veale, D. J., Littleford, R. C., and Belch, J. J. Oral L-arginine supplementation and cutaneous vascular responses in patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(2):352-357. View abstract.

Kimber, J., Watson, L., and Mathias, C. J. Cardiovascular and neurohormonal responses to i. v. l-arginine in two groups with primary autonomic failure. J Neurol. 2001;248(12):1036-1041. View abstract.

Kirk, S. J., Hurson, M., Regan, M. C., Holt, D. R., Wasserkrug, H. L., and Barbul, A. Arginine stimulates wound healing and immune function in elderly human beings. Surgery 1993;114(2):155-159. View abstract.

Kiziltepe, U., Tunctan, B., Eyileten, Z. B., Sirlak, M., Arikbuku, M., Tasoz, R., Uysalel, A., and Ozyurda, U. Efficiency of L-arginine enriched cardioplegia and non-cardioplegic reperfusion in ischemic hearts. Int.J Cardiol 2004;97(1):93-100. View abstract.

Klek, S., Kulig, J., Sierzega, M., Szczepanek, K., Szybinski, P., Scislo, L., Walewska, E., Kubisz, A., and Szczepanik, A. M. Standard and immunomodulating enteral nutrition in patients after extended gastrointestinal surgery--a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Clin.Nutr 2008;27(4):504-512. View abstract.

Klek, S., Kulig, J., Sierzega, M., Szybinski, P., Szczepanek, K., Kubisz, A., Kowalczyk, T., Gach, T., Pach, R., and Szczepanik, A. M. The impact of immunostimulating nutrition on infectious complications after upper gastrointestinal surgery: a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Ann.Surg. 2008;248(2):212-220. View abstract.

Knechtle, B. and Bosch, A. The influence of arginine supplementation on performance and metabolism in athletes. INTERNATIONAL SPORTMED JOURNAL 2008;9(1):22-31.

Kobayashi, N., Nakamura, M., and Hiramori, K. Effects of infusion of L-arginine on exercise-induced myocardial ischemic ST-segment changes and capacity to exercise of patients with stable angina pectoris. Coron.Artery Dis 1999;10(5):321-326. View abstract.

Koga, Y. [L-arginine therapy on MELAS]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2008;48(11):1010-1012. View abstract.

Koga, Y., Akita, Y., Junko, N., Yatsuga, S., Povalko, N., Fukiyama, R., Ishii, M., and Matsuishi, T. Endothelial dysfunction in MELAS improved by l-arginine supplementation. Neurology 6-13-2006;66(11):1766-1769. View abstract.

Koga, Y., Akita, Y., Nishioka, J., Yatsuga, S., Povalko, N., Tanabe, Y., Fujimoto, S., and Matsuishi, T. L-arginine improves the symptoms of strokelike episodes in MELAS. Neurology 2-22-2005;64(4):710-712. View abstract.

Koga, Y., Povalko, N., Nishioka, J., Katayama, K., Kakimoto, N., and Matsuishi, T. MELAS and L-arginine therapy: pathophysiology of stroke-like episodes. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 2010;1201:104-110. View abstract.

Koifman, B., Wollman, Y., Bogomolny, N., Chernichowsky, T., Finkelstein, A., Peer, G., Scherez, J., Blum, M., Laniado, S., Iaina, A., and . Improvement of cardiac performance by intravenous infusion of L-arginine in patients with moderate congestive heart failure. J Am Coll.Cardiol 11-1-1995;26(5):1251-1256. View abstract.

Koller-Strametz, J., Wolzt, M., Fuchs, C., Putz, D., Wisser, W., Mensik, C., Eichler, H. G., Laufer, G., and Schmetterer, L. Renal hemodynamic effects of L-arginine and sodium nitroprusside in heart transplant recipients. Kidney Int. 1999;55(5):1871-1877. View abstract.

Komers, R., Komersova, K., Kazdova, L., Ruzickova, J., and Pelikanova, T. Effect of ACE inhibition and angiotensin AT1 receptor blockade on renal and blood pressure response to L-arginine in humans. J Hypertens. 2000;18(1):51-59. View abstract.

Koppo, K., Taes, Y. E., Pottier, A., Boone, J., Bouckaert, J., and Derave, W. Dietary arginine supplementation speeds pulmonary VO2 kinetics during cycle exercise. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. 2009;41(8):1626-1632. View abstract.

Lagudis, S., Yamada, A. T., Vieira, M. L., Medeiros, C. C., Mansur, A. J., and Lage, S. G. The effect of dobutamine without and with L-arginine on arterial compliance in heart failure patients. Echocardiography. 2009;26(8):934-942. View abstract.

Lakhan, S. E. and Vieira, K. F. Nutritional and herbal supplements for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders: systematic review. Nutr J 2010;9:42. View abstract.

Langkamp-Henken, B., Herrlinger-Garcia, K. A., Stechmiller, J. K., Nickerson-Troy, J. A., Lewis, B., and Moffatt, L. Arginine supplementation is well tolerated but does not enhance mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in elderly nursing home residents with pressure ulcers. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 2000;24(5):280-287. View abstract.

Lauer, T., Kleinbongard, P., Rath, J., Schulz, R., Kelm, M., and Rassaf, T. L-arginine preferentially dilates stenotic segments of coronary arteries thereby increasing coronary flow. J Intern.Med. 2008;264(3):237-244. View abstract.

Ledda, A., Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., and Schonlau, F. Investigation of a complex plant extract for mild to moderate erectile dysfunction in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study. BJU.Int. 2010;106(7):1030-1033. View abstract.

Lee, J., Ryu, H., and Kowall, N. W. Motor neuronal protection by L-arginine prolongs survival of mutant SOD1 (G93A) ALS mice. Biochem.Biophys.Res Commun. 7-10-2009;384(4):524-529. View abstract.

Lekakis, J. P., Papathanassiou, S., Papaioannou, T. G., Papamichael, C. M., Zakopoulos, N., Kotsis, V., Dagre, A. G., Stamatelopoulos, K., Protogerou, A., and Stamatelopoulos, S. F. Oral L-arginine improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension. Int.J Cardiol 2002;86(2-3):317-323. View abstract.

Little, J. A., Hauser, K. P., Martyr, S. E., Harris, A., Maric, I., Morris, C. R., Suh, J. H., Taylor, J., Castro, O., Machado, R., Kato, G., and Gladwin, M. T. Hematologic, biochemical, and cardiopulmonary effects of L-arginine supplementation or phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition in patients with sickle cell disease who are on hydroxyurea therapy. Eur.J Haematol. 2009;82(4):315-321. View abstract.

Lobo, D. N., Williams, R. N., Welch, N. T., Aloysius, M. M., Nunes, Q. M., Padmanabhan, J., Crowe, J. R., Iftikhar, S. Y., Parsons, S. L., Neal, K. R., Allison, S. P., and Rowlands, B. J. Early postoperative jejunostomy feeding with an immune modulating diet in patients undergoing resectional surgery for upper gastrointestinal cancer: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Clin.Nutr 2006;25(5):716-726. View abstract.

Lubec, B., Hayn, M., Kitzmuller, E., Vierhapper, H., and Lubec, G. L-Arginine reduces lipid peroxidation in patients with diabetes mellitus. Free Radic.Biol.Med. 1997;22(1-2):355-357. View abstract.

Lucotti, P., Monti, L., Setola, E., La, Canna G., Castiglioni, A., Rossodivita, A., Pala, M. G., Formica, F., Paolini, G., Catapano, A. L., Bosi, E., Alfieri, O., and Piatti, P. Oral L-arginine supplementation improves endothelial function and ameliorates insulin sensitivity and inflammation in cardiopathic nondiabetic patients after an aortocoronary bypass. Metabolism 2009;58(9):1270-1276. View abstract.

Lucotti, P., Setola, E., Monti, L. D., Galluccio, E., Costa, S., Sandoli, E. P., Fermo, I., Rabaiotti, G., Gatti, R., and Piatti, P. Beneficial effects of a long-term oral L-arginine treatment added to a hypocaloric diet and exercise training program in obese, insulin-resistant type 2 diabetic patients. Am J Physiol Endocrinol.Metab 2006;291(5):E906-E912. View abstract.

Malenfant, D., Catton, M., and Pope, J. E. The efficacy of complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon: a literature review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology.(Oxford) 2009;48(7):791-795. View abstract.

Mansoor, J. K., Morrissey, B. M., Walby, W. F., Yoneda, K. Y., Juarez, M., Kajekar, R., Severinghaus, J. W., Eldridge, M. W., and Schelegle, E. S. L-arginine supplementation enhances exhaled NO, breath condensate VEGF, and headache at 4,342 m. High Alt.Med.Biol. 2005;6(4):289-300. View abstract.

Mantovani, F., Patelli, E., Colombo, F., Pozzoni, F., Confalonieri, S., and Pisani, E. [Erectile dysfunction after non-nerve sparing radical pelvic surgery. Therapeutical experience with sildenafil and L-arginine evaluated by Buckling test]. Minerva Med. 2001;92(4):285-287. View abstract.

Marfella, R., Acampora, R., Verrazzo, G., Ziccardi, P., De, Rosa N., Giunta, R., and Giugliano, D. Metformin improves hemodynamic and rheological responses to L-arginine in NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care 1996;19(9):934-939. View abstract.

Marietta, M., Facchinetti, F., Neri, I., Piccinini, F., Volpe, A., and Torelli, G. L-arginine infusion decreases platelet aggregation through an intraplatelet nitric oxide release. Thromb.Res 10-15-1997;88(2):229-235. View abstract.

Marik, P. E. and Zaloga, G. P. Immunonutrition in critically ill patients: a systematic review and analysis of the literature. Intensive Care Med. 2008;34(11):1980-1990. View abstract.

Marik, P. E. and Zaloga, G. P. Immunonutrition in high-risk surgical patients: a systematic review and analysis of the literature. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 2010;34(4):378-386. View abstract.

Marin, V. B., Rodriguez-Osiac, L., Schlessinger, L., Villegas, J., Lopez, M., and Castillo-Duran, C. Controlled study of enteral arginine supplementation in burned children: impact on immunologic and metabolic status. Nutrition 2006;22(7-8):705-712. View abstract.

Marti-Carvajal, A. J., Knight-Madden, J. M., and Martinez-Zapata, M. J. Interventions for treating leg ulcers in people with sickle cell disease. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;11:CD008394. View abstract.

Martina, V., Masha, A., Gigliardi, V. R., Brocato, L., Manzato, E., Berchio, A., Massarenti, P., Settanni, F., Della, Casa L., Bergamini, S., and Iannone, A. Long-term N-acetylcysteine and L-arginine administration reduces endothelial activation and systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2008;31(5):940-944. View abstract.

Masha, A., Manieri, C., Dinatale, S., Bruno, G. A., Ghigo, E., and Martina, V. Prolonged treatment with N-acetylcysteine and L-arginine restores gonadal function in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol.Invest 2009;32(11):870-872. View abstract.

Matsumoto, K., Mizuno, M., Mizuno, T., Dilling-Hansen, B., Lahoz, A., Bertelsen, V., Munster, H., Jordening, H., Hamada, K., and Doi, T. Branched-chain amino acids and arginine supplementation attenuates skeletal muscle proteolysis induced by moderate exercise in young individuals. Int.J Sports Med. 2007;28(6):531-538. View abstract.

Maxwell AJ, Anderson B. A nutritional product designed to enhance nitric oxide activity restores endothelium-dependent function in hypercholesterolemia (abstract). J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33(1):282A.

Maxwell, A. J., Anderson, B. E., and Cooke, J. P. Nutritional therapy for peripheral arterial disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of HeartBar. Vasc.Med. 2000;5(1):11-19. View abstract.

McCarter, M. D., Gentilini, O. D., Gomez, M. E., and Daly, J. M. Preoperative oral supplement with immunonutrients in cancer patients. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 1998;22(4):206-211. View abstract.

McConell, G. K. Effects of L-arginine supplementation on exercise metabolism. Curr.Opin.Clin.Nutr.Metab Care 2007;10(1):46-51. View abstract.

McGovern, M. M., Wasserstein, M. P., Aron, A., and Perrine, S. P. Biochemical effect of intravenous arginine butyrate in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. J Pediatr 2003;142(6):709-713. View abstract.

McMahon, L., Tamary, H., Askin, M., Adams-Graves, P., Eberhardt, R. T., Sutton, M., Wright, E. C., Castaneda, S. A., Faller, D. V., and Perrine, S. P. A randomized phase II trial of Arginine Butyrate with standard local therapy in refractory sickle cell leg ulcers. Br.J Haematol. 2010;151(5):516-524. View abstract.

Mehta, S., Stewart, D. J., and Levy, R. D. The hypotensive effect of L-arginine is associated with increased expired nitric oxide in humans. Chest 1996;109(6):1550-1555. View abstract.

Mehta, S., Stewart, D. J., Langleben, D., and Levy, R. D. Short-term pulmonary vasodilation with L-arginine in pulmonary hypertension. Circulation 9-15-1995;92(6):1539-1545. View abstract.

Mhanni, A. A., Chan, A., Collison, M., Seifert, B., Lehotay, D. C., Sokoro, A., Huynh, H. Q., and Greenberg, C. R. Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome (HHH) presenting with acute fulminant hepatic failure. J Pediatr Gastroenterol.Nutr. 2008;46(3):312-315. View abstract.

Miller, H. I., Dascalu, A., Rassin, T. A., Wollman, Y., Chernichowsky, T., and Iaina, A. Effects of an acute dose of L-arginine during coronary angiography in patients with chronic renal failure: a randomized, parallel, double-blind clinical trial. Am J Nephrol. 2003;23(2):91-95. View abstract.

Miroueh, A. Effect of arginine on oligospermia. Fertil.Steril. 1970;21(3):217-219. View abstract.

Modolell, M., Choi, B. S., Ryan, R. O., Hancock, M., Titus, R. G., Abebe, T., Hailu, A., Muller, I., Rogers, M. E., Bangham, C. R., Munder, M., and Kropf, P. Local suppression of T cell responses by arginase-induced L-arginine depletion in nonhealing leishmaniasis. PLoS.Negl.Trop.Dis 2009;3(7):e480. View abstract.

Morgante, G., Scolaro, V., Tosti, C., Di, Sabatino A., Piomboni, P., and De, Leo, V. [Treatment with carnitine, acetyl carnitine, L-arginine and ginseng improves sperm motility and sexual health in men with asthenopermia]. Minerva Urol.Nefrol. 2010;62(3):213-218. View abstract.

Morris, C. R., Kuypers, F. A., Larkin, S., Sweeters, N., Simon, J., Vichinsky, E. P., and Styles, L. A. Arginine therapy: a novel strategy to induce nitric oxide production in sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol. 2000;111(2):498-500. View abstract.

Mou, J., Fang, H., Jing, F., Wang, Q., Liu, Y., Zhu, H., Shang, L., Wang, X., and Xu, W. Design, synthesis and primary activity evaluation of L-arginine derivatives as amino-peptidase N/CD13 inhibitors. Bioorg.Med.Chem. 7-1-2009;17(13):4666-4673. View abstract.

Moutaouakil, F., El, Otmani H., Fadel, H., Sefrioui, F., and Slassi, I. [l-arginine efficiency in MELAS syndrome. A case report]. Rev.Neurol.(Paris) 2009;165(5):482-485. View abstract.

Nagaya, N., Uematsu, M., Oya, H., Sato, N., Sakamaki, F., Kyotani, S., Ueno, K., Nakanishi, N., Yamagishi, M., and Miyatake, K. Short-term oral administration of L-arginine improves hemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir.Crit Care Med. 2001;163(4):887-891. View abstract.

Napoli, C., Farzati, B., Sica, V., Iannuzzi, E., Coppola, G., Silvestroni, A., Balestrieri, M. L., Florio, A., and Matarazzo, A. Beneficial effects of autologous bone marrow cell infusion and antioxidants/L-arginine in patients with chronic critical limb ischemia. Eur.J Cardiovasc.Prev.Rehabil. 2008;15(6):709-718. View abstract.

Nathoo, S., Delgado, E., Zhang, Y. P., DeVizio, W., Cummins, D., and Mateo, L. R. Comparing the efficacy in providing instant relief of dentin hypersensitivity of a new toothpaste containing 8.0% arginine, calcium carbonate, and 1450 ppm fluoride relative to a benchmark desensitizing toothpaste containing 2% potassium ion and 1450 ppm fluoride, and to a control toothpaste with 1450 ppm fluoride: a three-day clinical study in New Jersey, USA. J Clin.Dent. 2009;20(4):123-130. View abstract.

Nelson, R. L., Thomas, K., Morgan, J., and Jones, A. Non surgical therapy for anal fissure. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;2:CD003431. View abstract.

Neri, I., Blasi, I., and Facchinetti, F. Effects of acute L-arginine infusion on non-stress test in hypertensive pregnant women. J Matern.Fetal Neonatal Med. 2004;16(1):23-26. View abstract.

Neri, I., Jasonni, V. M., Gori, G. F., Blasi, I., and Facchinetti, F. Effect of L-arginine on blood pressure in pregnancy-induced hypertension: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Matern.Fetal Neonatal Med. 2006;19(5):277-281. View abstract.

Neri, I., Monari, F., Sgarbi, L., Berardi, A., Masellis, G., and Facchinetti, F. L-arginine supplementation in women with chronic hypertension: impact on blood pressure and maternal and neonatal complications. J Matern.Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;23(12):1456-1460. View abstract.

Nitenberg, A., Ledoux, S., Attali, J. R., and Valensi, P. [Response of the coronary arteries to cold test and flow velocity increase is improved by deferoxamine but not by L-arginine in diabetic patients]. Arch.Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1997;90(8):1037-1041. View abstract.

O'Rourke, D. J., Ryan, S., Salomons, G., Jakobs, C., Monavari, A., and King, M. D. Guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency: late onset of movement disorder and preserved expressive language. Dev.Med.Child Neurol. 2009;51(5):404-407. View abstract.

Oka, R. K., Szuba, A., Giacomini, J. C., and Cooke, J. P. A pilot study of L-arginine supplementation on functional capacity in peripheral arterial disease. Vasc.Med. 2005;10(4):265-274. View abstract.

Okamoto, Y., Okano, K., Izuishi, K., Usuki, H., Wakabayashi, H., and Suzuki, Y. Attenuation of the systemic inflammatory response and infectious complications after gastrectomy with preoperative oral arginine and omega-3 fatty acids supplemented immunonutrition. World J Surg. 2009;33(9):1815-1821. View abstract.

Olek, R. A., Ziemann, E., Grzywacz, T., Kujach, S., Luszczyk, M., Antosiewicz, J., and Laskowski, R. A single oral intake of arginine does not affect performance during repeated Wingate anaerobic test. J Sports Med.Phys.Fitness 2010;50(1):52-56. View abstract.

Ozbek, M., Erdogan, M., Karadeniz, M., Cetinkalp, S., Ozgen, A. G., Saygili, F., Yilmaz, C., and Tuzun, M. Evaluation of beta cell dysfunction by mixed meal tolerance test and oral L-arginine in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp.Clin.Endocrinol.Diabetes 2009;117(10):573-576. View abstract.

Palloshi, A., Fragasso, G., Piatti, P., Monti, L. D., Setola, E., Valsecchi, G., Galluccio, E., Chierchia, S. L., and Margonato, A. Effect of oral L-arginine on blood pressure and symptoms and endothelial function in patients with systemic hypertension, positive exercise tests, and normal coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 4-1-2004;93(7):933-935. View abstract.

Park, K. G., Heys, S. D., Blessing, K., Kelly, P., McNurlan, M. A., Eremin, O., and Garlick, P. J. Stimulation of human breast cancers by dietary L-arginine. Clin.Sci.(Lond) 1992;82(4):413-417. View abstract.

Parnell, M. M., Holst, D. P., and Kaye, D. M. Augmentation of endothelial function following exercise training is associated with increased L-arginine transport in human heart failure. Clin.Sci.(Lond) 2005;109(6):523-530. View abstract.

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Pedrinelli, R., Ebel, M., Catapano, G., Dell'Omo, G., Ducci, M., Del, Chicca M., and Clerico, A. Pressor, renal and endocrine effects of L-arginine in essential hypertensives. Eur.J Clin.Pharmacol. 1995;48(3-4):195-201. View abstract.

Petrou, I., Heu, R., Stranick, M., Lavender, S., Zaidel, L., Cummins, D., Sullivan, R. J., Hsueh, C., and Gimzewski, J. K. A breakthrough therapy for dentin hypersensitivity: how dental products containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate work to deliver effective relief of sensitive teeth. J Clin.Dent. 2009;20(1):23-31. View abstract.

Pezza, V., Bernardini, F., Pezza, E., Pezza, B., and Curione, M. Study of supplemental oral l-arginine in hypertensives treated with enalapril + hydrochlorothiazide. Am.J Hypertens. 1998;11(10):1267-1270. View abstract.

Piatti, P. M., Monti, L. D., Valsecchi, G., Magni, F., Setola, E., Marchesi, F., Galli-Kienle, M., Pozza, G., and Alberti, K. G. Long-term oral L-arginine administration improves peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2001;24(5):875-880. View abstract.

Pryor, J. P., Blandy, J. P., Evans, P., Chaput De Saintonge, D. M., and Usherwood, M. Controlled clinical trial of arginine for infertile men with oligozoospermia. Br J Urol. 1978;50(1):47-50. View abstract.

Puiman, P. J., Stoll, B., van Goudoever, J. B., and Burrin, D. G. Enteral arginine does not increase superior mesenteric arterial blood flow but induces mucosal growth in neonatal pigs. J Nutr. 2011;141(1):63-70. View abstract.

Quyyumi, A. A. Does acute improvement of endothelial dysfunction in coronary artery disease improve myocardial ischemia? A double-blind comparison of parenteral D- and L-arginine. J Am Coll.Cardiol 1998;32(4):904-911. View abstract.

Ralph, A. P., Kelly, P. M., and Anstey, N. M. L-arginine and vitamin D: novel adjunctive immunotherapies in tuberculosis. Trends Microbiol. 2008;16(7):336-344. View abstract.

Riso, S., Aluffi, P., Brugnani, M., Farinetti, F., Pia, F., and D'Andrea, F. Postoperative enteral immunonutrition in head and neck cancer patients. Clin.Nutr 2000;19(6):407-412. View abstract.

Ruel, M., Beanlands, R. S., Lortie, M., Chan, V., Camack, N., deKemp, R. A., Suuronen, E. J., Rubens, F. D., DaSilva, J. N., Sellke, F. W., Stewart, D. J., and Mesana, T. G. Concomitant treatment with oral L-arginine improves the efficacy of surgical angiogenesis in patients with severe diffuse coronary artery disease: the Endothelial Modulation in Angiogenic Therapy randomized controlled trial. J Thorac.Cardiovasc.Surg. 2008;135(4):762-70, 770. View abstract.

Rytlewski, K., Olszanecki, R., Korbut, R., and Zdebski, Z. Effects of prolonged oral supplementation with l-arginine on blood pressure and nitric oxide synthesis in preeclampsia. Eur.J Clin.Invest 2005;35(1):32-37. View abstract.

Rytlewski, K., Olszanecki, R., Lauterbach, R., Grzyb, A., and Basta, A. Effects of oral L-arginine on the foetal condition and neonatal outcome in preeclampsia: a preliminary report. Basic Clin.Pharmacol.Toxicol. 2006;99(2):146-152. View abstract.

Sakurai, Y., Masui, T., Yoshida, I., Tonomura, S., Shoji, M., Nakamura, Y., Isogaki, J., Uyama, I., Komori, Y., and Ochiai, M. Randomized clinical trial of the effects of perioperative use of immune-enhancing enteral formula on metabolic and immunological status in patients undergoing esophagectomy. World J Surg. 2007;31(11):2150-2157. View abstract.

Saleh, A. I., Abdel Maksoud, S. M., El-Maraghy, S. A., and Gad, M. Z. Protective effect of L-arginine in experimentally induced myocardial ischemia: comparison with aspirin. J Cardiovasc.Pharmacol.Ther 2011;16(1):53-62. View abstract.

Salvatore, P., Casamassimi, A., Sommese, L., Fiorito, C., Ciccodicola, A., Rossiello, R., Avallone, B., Grimaldi, V., Costa, V., Rienzo, M., Colicchio, R., Williams-Ignarro, S., Pagliarulo, C., Prudente, M. E., Abbondanza, C., Lamberti, F., Baroni, A., Buommino, E., Farzati, B., Tufano, M. A., Ignarro, L. J., and Napoli, C. Detrimental effects of Bartonella henselae are counteracted by L-arginine and nitric oxide in human endothelial progenitor cells. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A 7-8-2008;105(27):9427-9432. View abstract.

Savoye, G., Jemaa, Y., Mosni, G., Savoye-Collet, C., Morcamp, P., Dechelotte, P., Bouin, M., Denis, P., and Ducrotte, P. Effects of intragastric L-arginine administration on proximal stomach tone under basal conditions and after an intragastric diet. Dig.Dis Sci. 2006;51(12):2147-2153. View abstract.

Sax, H. C. Arginine stimulates wound healing and immune function in elderly human beings. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr. 1994;18(6):559-560. View abstract.

Scavella, A., Leiva, L., Monjure, H., Zea, A. H., and Gardner, R. V. Effect of L-arginine supplementation on immune responsiveness in patients with sickle cell disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;55(2):318-323. View abstract.

Schachter, A., Friedman, S., Goldman, J. A., and Eckerling, B. Treatment of oligospermia with the amino acid arginine. Int.J Gynaecol.Obstet. 1973;11(5):206-209. View abstract.

Schachter, A., Goldman, J. A., and Zukerman, Z. Treatment of oligospermia with the amino acid arginine. J Urol. 1973;110(3):311-313. View abstract.

Schaefer, A., Piquard, F., Geny, B., Doutreleau, S., Lampert, E., Mettauer, B., and Lonsdorfer, J. L-arginine reduces exercise-induced increase in plasma lactate and ammonia. Int.J Sports Med. 2002;23(6):403-407. View abstract.

Schellong, S. M., Boger, R. H., Burchert, W., Bode-Boger, S. M., Galland, A., Frolich, J. C., Hundeshagen, H., and Alexander, K. Dose-related effect of intravenous L-arginine on muscular blood flow of the calf in patients with peripheral vascular disease: a H215O positron emission tomography study. Clin.Sci.(Lond) 1997;93(2):159-165. View abstract.

Schilling, J., Vranjes, N., Fierz, W., Joller, H., Gyurech, D., Ludwig, E., Marathias, K., and Geroulanos, S. Clinical outcome and immunology of postoperative arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, and nucleotide-enriched enteral feeding: a randomized prospective comparison with standard enteral and low calorie/low fat i.v. solutions. Nutrition 1996;12(6):423-429. View abstract.

Schlaich, M. P., Ahlers, B. A., Parnell, M. M., and Kaye, D. M. beta-Adrenoceptor-mediated, nitric-oxide-dependent vasodilatation is abnormal in early hypertension: restoration by L-arginine. J Hypertens. 2004;22(10):1917-1925. View abstract.

Schlaich, M. P., Jacobi, J., John, S., Delles, C., Fleischmann, I., and Schmieder, R. E. Is l-arginine infusion an adequate tool to assess endothelium-dependent vasodilation of the human renal vasculature? Clin.Sci.(Lond) 2000;99(4):293-302. View abstract.

Schlaich, M. P., Oehmer, S., Schneider, M. P., Delles, C., Schmidt, B. M., and Schmieder, R. E. Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition and L-arginine on renal haemodynamics in young patients at high cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis 2007;192(1):155-160. View abstract.

Schon, T., Elias, D., Moges, F., Melese, E., Tessema, T., Stendahl, O., Britton, S., and Sundqvist, T. Arginine as an adjuvant to chemotherapy improves clinical outcome in active tuberculosis. Eur.Respir.J 2003;21(3):483-488. View abstract.

Schramm, L., La, M., Heidbreder, E., Hecker, M., Beckman, J. S., Lopau, K., Zimmermann, J., Rendl, J., Reiners, C., Winderl, S., Wanner, C., and Schmidt, H. H. L-arginine deficiency and supplementation in experimental acute renal failure and in human kidney transplantation. Kidney Int. 2002;61(4):1423-1432. View abstract.

Schulze, F., Glos, S., Petruschka, D., Altenburg, C., Maas, R., Benndorf, R., Schwedhelm, E., Beil, U., and Boger, R. H. L-Arginine enhances the triglyceride-lowering effect of simvastatin in patients with elevated plasma triglycerides. Nutr.Res 2009;29(5):291-297. View abstract.

Scibona, M., Meschini, P., Capparelli, S., Pecori, C., Rossi, P., and Menchini Fabris, G. F. [L-arginine and male infertility]. Minerva Urol.Nefrol. 1994;46(4):251-253. View abstract.

Senkal, M., Mumme, A., Eickhoff, U., Geier, B., Spath, G., Wulfert, D., Joosten, U., Frei, A., and Kemen, M. Early postoperative enteral immunonutrition: clinical outcome and cost-comparison analysis in surgical patients. Crit Care Med. 1997;25(9):1489-1496. View abstract.

Senkal, M., Zumtobel, V., Bauer, K. H., Marpe, B., Wolfram, G., Frei, A., Eickhoff, U., and Kemen, M. Outcome and cost-effectiveness of perioperative enteral immunonutrition in patients undergoing elective upper gastrointestinal tract surgery: a prospective randomized study. Arch.Surg. 1999;134(12):1309-1316. View abstract.

Settergren, M., Bohm, F., Malmstrom, R. E., Channon, K. M., and Pernow, J. L-arginine and tetrahydrobiopterin protects against ischemia/reperfusion-induced endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2009;204(1):73-78. View abstract.

Shao, A. and Hathcock, J. N. Risk assessment for the amino acids taurine, L-glutamine and L-arginine. Regul.Toxicol.Pharmacol 2008;50(3):376-399. View abstract.

Shigemi, R., Fukuda, M., Suzuki, Y., Morimoto, T., and Ishii, E. L-arginine is effective in stroke-like episodes of MELAS associated with the G13513A mutation. Brain Dev. 2011;33(6):518-520. View abstract.

Siasos, G., Tousoulis, D., Vlachopoulos, C., Antoniades, C., Stefanadi, E., Ioakeimidis, N., Andreou, I., Zisimos, K., Papavassiliou, A. G., and Stefanadis, C. Short-term treatment with L-arginine prevents the smoking-induced impairment of endothelial function and vascular elastic properties in young individuals. Int.J Cardiol 6-6-2008;126(3):394-399. View abstract.

Sieroszewski, P., Suzin, J., and Karowicz-Bilinska, A. Ultrasound evaluation of intrauterine growth restriction therapy by a nitric oxide donor (L-arginine). J Matern.Fetal Neonatal Med. 2004;15(6):363-366. View abstract.

Slawinski, M., Grodzinska, L., Kostka-Trabka, E., Bieron, K., Goszcz, A., and Gryglewski, R. J. L-arginine--substrate for no synthesis--its beneficial effects in therapy of patients with peripheral arterial disease: comparison with placebo-preliminary results. Acta Physiol Hung. 1996;84(4):457-458. View abstract.

Smith, S. D., Wheeler, M. A., Foster, H. E., Jr., and Weiss, R. M. Improvement in interstitial cystitis symptom scores during treatment with oral L-arginine. J Urol. 1997;158(3 Pt 1):703-708. View abstract.

Smriga, M., Ando, T., Akutsu, M., Furukawa, Y., Miwa, K., and Morinaga, Y. Oral treatment with L-lysine and L-arginine reduces anxiety and basal cortisol levels in healthy humans. Biomed.Res 2007;28(2):85-90. View abstract.

Smulders, R. A., Aarsen, M., Teerlink, T., De Vries, P. M., Van Kamp, G. J., Donker, A. J., and Stehouwer, C. D. Haemodynamic and biochemical responses to L-arginine and L-lysine infusions in normal subjects: L-arginine-induced vasodilatation cannot be explained by non-specific effects of cationic amino acids. Clin.Sci.(Lond) 1997;92(4):367-374. View abstract.

Smulders, R. A., Stehouwer, C. D., Olthof, C. G., Van Kamp, G. J., Teerlink, T., De Vries, P. M., and Donker, A. J. Plasma endothelin levels and vascular effects of intravenous L-arginine infusion in subjects with uncomplicated insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Clin.Sci (Lond) 1994;87(1):37-43. View abstract.

Snyderman, C. H., Kachman, K., Molseed, L., Wagner, R., D'Amico, F., Bumpous, J., and Rueger, R. Reduced postoperative infections with an immune-enhancing nutritional supplement. Laryngoscope 1999;109(6):915-921. View abstract.

Song, J. X., Qing, S. H., Huang, X. C., and Qi, D. L. Effect of parenteral nutrition with L-arginine supplementation on postoperative immune function in patients with colorectal cancer. Di Yi.Jun.Yi.Da.Xue.Xue.Bao. 2002;22(6):545-547. View abstract.

Sozykin, A. V., Noeva, E. A., Balakhonova, T. V., Pogorelova, O. A., and Men'shikov, M. I. [Effect of L-arginine on platelet aggregation, endothelial function adn exercise tolerance in patients with stable angina pectoris]. Ter.Arkh. 2000;72(8):24-27. View abstract.

Srivastava, S. and Agarwal, A. Effect of anion channel blockers on L-arginine action in spermatozoa from asthenospermic men. Andrologia 2010;42(2):76-82. View abstract.

Stanislavov, R., Nikolova, V., and Rohdewald, P. Improvement of seminal parameters with Prelox: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Phytother.Res 2009;23(3):297-302. View abstract.

Stechmiller, J. K. Understanding the role of nutrition and wound healing. Nutr.Clin.Pract. 2010;25(1):61-68. View abstract.

Stechmiller, J. K., Langkamp-Henken, B., Childress, B., Herrlinger-Garcia, K. A., Hudgens, J., Tian, L., Percival, S. S., and Steele, R. Arginine supplementation does not enhance serum nitric oxide levels in elderly nursing home residents with pressure ulcers. Biol.Res Nurs. 2005;6(4):289-299. View abstract.

Stokes, G. S., Barin, E. S., Gilfillan, K. L., and Kaesemeyer, W. H. Interactions of L-arginine, isosorbide mononitrate, and angiotensin II inhibitors on arterial pulse wave. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16(9 Pt 1):719-724. View abstract.

Sullivan, K. J., Kissoon, N., Sandler, E., Gauger, C., Froyen, M., Duckworth, L., Brown, M., and Murphy, S. Effect of oral arginine supplementation on exhaled nitric oxide concentration in sickle cell anemia and acute chest syndrome. J Pediatr Hematol.Oncol. 2010;32(7):e249-e258. View abstract.

Sun, T., Zhou, W. B., Luo, X. P., Tang, Y. L., and Shi, H. M. Oral L-arginine supplementation in acute myocardial infarction therapy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin.Cardiol 2009;32(11):649-652. View abstract.

Sunderland, K. L., Greer, F., and Morales, J. VO2max and ventilatory threshold of trained cyclists are not affected by 28-day L-arginine supplementation. J Strength.Cond.Res 2011;25(3):833-837. View abstract.

Suzuki, T., Hayase, M., Hibi, K., Hosokawa, H., Yokoya, K., Fitzgerald, P. J., Yock, P. G., Cooke, J. P., Suzuki, T., and Yeung, A. C. Effect of local delivery of L-arginine on in-stent restenosis in humans. Am J Cardiol 2-15-2002;89(4):363-367. View abstract.

Sydow, K., Schwedhelm, E., Arakawa, N., Bode-Boger, S. M., Tsikas, D., Hornig, B., Frolich, J. C., and Boger, R. H. ADMA and oxidative stress are responsible for endothelial dysfunction in hyperhomocyst(e)inemia: effects of L-arginine and B vitamins. Cardiovasc.Res 2003;57(1):244-252. View abstract.

Takasaki, A., Tamura, H., Miwa, I., Taketani, T., Shimamura, K., and Sugino, N. Endometrial growth and uterine blood flow: a pilot study for improving endometrial thickness in the patients with a thin endometrium. Fertil.Steril. 2010;93(6):1851-1858. View abstract.

Tan, B., Li, X. G., Kong, X., Huang, R., Ruan, Z., Yao, K., Deng, Z., Xie, M., Shinzato, I., Yin, Y., and Wu, G. Dietary L-arginine supplementation enhances the immune status in early-weaned piglets. Amino.Acids 2009;37(2):323-331. View abstract.

Tan, B., Yin, Y., Liu, Z., Tang, W., Xu, H., Kong, X., Li, X., Yao, K., Gu, W., Smith, S. B., and Wu, G. Dietary L-arginine supplementation differentially regulates expression of lipid-metabolic genes in porcine adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. J Nutr.Biochem. 2011;22(5):441-445. View abstract.

Tangphao, O., Grossmann, M., Chalon, S., Hoffman, B. B., and Blaschke, T. F. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral L-arginine in normal volunteers. Br J Clin.Pharmacol. 1999;47(3):261-266. View abstract.

Tanimura, J. Studies on arginine in human semen. I. The arginine contents of normal and sterile human semen. Bull.Osaka Med.Sch 1967;13(2):76-83. View abstract.

Tanimura, J. Studies on arginine in human semen. II. The effects of medication with L-arginine-HCL on male infertility. Bull.Osaka Med.Sch 1967;13(2):84-89. View abstract.

Tarumoto, T., Imagawa, S., Kobayashi, M., Hirayama, A., Ozawa, K., and Nagasawa, T. L-arginine administration reverses anemia associated with renal disease. Int.J Hematol. 2007;86(2):126-129. View abstract.

Tepaske, R., te, Velthuis H., Oudemans-van Straaten, H. M., Bossuyt, P. M., Schultz, M. J., Eijsman, L., and Vroom, M. Glycine does not add to the beneficial effects of perioperative oral immune-enhancing nutrition supplements in high-risk cardiac surgery patients. JPEN J Parenter.Enteral Nutr 2007;31(3):173-180. View abstract.

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