What Affects the Melting Point of 9-Fluorenone?
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When we think of melting, we think of ice melting under the sun's warmth or chocolate melting in our mouths. But what happens when a seemingly solid chemical substance, like 9-Fluorenone, melts? And what factors can affect its melting point?
Firstly, let's understand what melting point is. Melting point is the temperature at which a solid substance changes into a liquid state. Every substance has its melting point, and it can vary depending on the material's chemical properties, structure, and purity.
9-Fluorenone, also known as 9H-Fluorene-9-one, is a polycyclic aromatic ketone. It is a relatively stable fluorescent compound with a distinctive odor and yellowish crystal color. It has a molecular formula of C13H8O, a molar mass of 180.21 g/mol, and a melting point of 80-82°C.
Several factors can potentially affect the melting point of 9-Fluorenone. These factors are:
Purity: The purity of a substance can affect its melting point. Impurities in a substance can interfere with crystallization, leading to a broader melting range. Therefore, the purer the sample, the narrower its melting point range.
Pressure: The melting point of a substance can also be affected by pressure. Increasing pressure will decrease the melting point of a substance. This is because pressure increases the molecular attraction between substances, making it easier to overcome the attractive forces that hold the solid-state together.
Molecular size and shape: The molecular size and shape of a substance also influence its melting point. Larger molecules have a lower melting point than smaller molecules due to increased intermolecular forces.
Solvents: Different solvents can dissolve a substance, but not all solvents can melt a substance. Polar solvents such as water and ethanol can increase the melting point of a substance, while non-polar solvents such as benzene or ether can decrease the melting point.
Polymorphism: Polymorphism is a phenomenon where a material exists in different crystalline forms. This can greatly affect the melting point of a substance. For example, a polymorphic substance may have a mixture of crystal forms with differing melting temperatures, leading to a broader melting temperature range.
Hydrogen bonding: Hydrogen bonding is a special type of intermolecular force that occurs between a hydrogen atom located in one molecule and an electronegative atom (such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine) located in another. Hydrogen bonds increase the melting point of a substance by increasing the attraction between molecules. .
Now that we know what affects the melting point of 9-Fluorenone let's explore some examples of how these factors can be applied in the laboratory.
One way to test whether impurities affect the melting point is by using a capillary tube. A capillary tube is used to hold a small amount of the sample. When heated, the sample will melt and, as it cools, crystallize. Small particles of impurities, if present, can prevent or delay crystallization, leading to a broader melting point range.
In contrast, if we use a pure sample, we can expect a narrow melting range of 80-82°C, which is in line with the published literature.
Another way to test the effect of hydrogen bonding on the melting point is to compare 9-Fluorenone with a similar molecule, such as benzophenone. Benzophenone has a similar structure to 9-Fluorenone but does not have a hydrogen bond.
When comparing the melting point of 9-Fluorenone and benzophenone, we can see that 9-Fluorenone has a higher melting point. This is due to the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding, which increases the attraction between molecules, making it harder to overcome the attractive forces that hold the solid-state together.
In conclusion, melting point is an important property for chemical substances, and various factors can affect it. These factors include purity, pressure, molecular size and shape, solvents, polymorphism, and hydrogen bonding. Understanding the factors that influence melting point can provide valuable insights into the physical properties of chemical substances and can help improve the quality of products in various industries.
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