What is the purpose of desulphurization?
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Desulfurization or desulphurisation refers to the chemical technique employed to eliminate sulfur from various materials. This procedure can involve extracting sulfur from molecular structures (like A=S and A:) or eliminating sulfur compounds from mixtures, for instance, those found in oil refinery outputs.
These processes carry significant industrial and ecological relevance, as they are responsible for providing sulfur in bulk for industrial applications (like Claus and Contact processes). Furthermore, they yield sulfur-free compounds that are essential in a variety of catalytic applications and help decrease the emission of harmful sulfur compounds into the atmosphere, particularly sulfur dioxide (SO2), which is a contributor to acid rain.
The approaches utilized for desulfurization encompass hydrodesulfurization, the SNOX method, and the wet sulfuric acid process (WSA).
What is Flue Gas Desulfurization?
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Cristina Tuser, an associate editor of WWD, emphasizes that the effectiveness of desulfurization processes directly impacts emission regulations and environmental health.
What is the Flue Gas Desulfurization Process?
Flue gas desulfurization entails the extraction of sulfur compounds from exhaust emissions produced by fossil-fueled power plants. By introducing absorbents, this process is capable of removing as much as 95% of sulfur dioxide contained in the flue gases.
Flue gas refers to the emissions generated when fossil fuels such as coal, oil, natural gas, or wood undergo combustion for thermal or electrical power generation.
The 2 Types of Flue Gas Desulfurization
The methods for flue gas desulfurization can be categorized into two principal types:
- Once-through processes, also labeled non-regenerable, utilize the sorbent as a beneficial by-product or discard it as waste.
- Regenerable processes allow the release of the captured sulfur dioxide to create other products such as elemental Sulfur (S), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), or liquid sulfur dioxide (SO2).
How to Treat Flue Gas Desulfurization
Flue gas desulfurization is frequently treated in specialized wastewater facilities as opposed to a plant’s usual wastewater treatment system, enabling compliance with stringent discharge limits for FGD wastewater. Variations in wastewater composition can arise depending on multiple factors, including coal types, scrubber chloride levels, and the specific FGD system employed.
What is Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum?
Flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) is a byproduct generated from the flue gas desulfurization process used in coal-fired power stations. The systems installed for flue gas desulfurization have been implemented to limit sulfur dioxide emissions since the late 20th century; however, over the last decade, the production of FGDG has significantly declined.
This byproduct may contain pollutants such as particulates, sulfur dioxide, mercury, and carbon dioxide; however, the predominant component of flue gas consists of nitrogen oxides. If left untreated, emissions from power plants and other facilities can seriously detriment local and regional air quality.
Typically, the treatment process involves sending gas to an electrostatic precipitator, which effectively extracts ash and other particulates through electrostatic charging, drawing them to collection plates or devices. Following this, the gas flows into a denitrification unit, which alters nitrogen oxide compositions, converting them to nitrogen gas.
Although FGDG generation has escalated in the United States, its reuse rate has witnessed a downturn.
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